Kharif crop: Overview, Geographic distribution, cultivation Practices- Part 1

Crops are one of the most important types of plants which are cultivated and grown in large quantity at large scale for different purposes such as own use, marketing purpose, economic purpose and so on.

In India there are two major crops that are cultivated in large scale, i.e.,

1. Kharif crop
2. Rabi crop

And there is a third types of crops that are also grown in large Scale in India that is Zaid crops. In this Blog we share all the available information about Kharif crops.

The Term Kharif is derived from an Arabic word which means the crop special for autumn season. As these crops are cultivated in autumn season (monsoon); so Kharif crops are also called as monsoon crops. And the season where Kharif crops are cultivated are referred as Kharif season.  Basically the season for cultivation of Kharif crops are different in different states of India but Generally, the kharif season Range lies between June to September.

• Sowing Time Kharif crop = around June (beginning of monsoon)
• Harvesting Time Kharif crop = September to October

Main Kharif crop list that are cultivated in Kharif Season-

Cereals: A kharif crop

Oil seed in kharif season

Vegetables in kharif season

Fruits in kharif season

Pulses in kharif season

RICE: World’s leading Kharif crop

Origin-

According to our Hindu mythology, The oldest Rice specimen was introduced in Hastinapur (uttar Pradesh) during Mahabharat Time between 1000-750 B.C. But Vavilov (1926) suggested that India and Burma is the origin of cultivated rice.

Geographic distribution-

Rice is the kharif crop that is considered as the world’s leading kharif crop. Rice is cultivated in 155 million hectares over the world with a production of approx 596 million tonnes. And wheat is considered as the world’s Second leading crop. On the Basis of area and production; Asia leads in the cultivation of rice. The 10 leading countries that producing this kharif crop (Rice)  are-

India has the largest area in cultivation of Rice after China and Indonesia. Rice is cultivated in 44.8 million hectares land in India. On the Basis of Production of Rice, India get the second Rank after china. In India, rice is cultivated in almost all the states. Such as- Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, uttrakhand and so on.

Rice is a World’s leading food crop. It is cultivated over approx 160 million hectares land with production of approx 596 million tonnes. maximum cultivated area of rice is Asia. Rice cultivated area of India are given below-

Economic importance-

Rice is a Kharif crop that is the leading crop over the world, so obviously Rice farming takes a large land for cultivation of Rice. Rice farming is the most important economic activity on earth because only 90% rice is produced in Asia alone and only 6-7% of production is exported from other area. Rice Farming is considered as the oldest Cultivation Practices in the world. Rice field covers 11% of arable land. It is cultivated in 250 million Asian farms. Some Varieties of Rice that are mostly famous in India are-  Ratna, Jaya, Rasi, Triveni, Mandya, Swarnapraba, Red Annapoorna, Aishwarya, Basmati and so on.

Soil requirement-

Generally Rice is cultivated in all that soils which have good water retention capacity with good amount of clay and organic matter because these conditions are considered as the ideal condition for rice cultivation. The most suitable soil for the Rice cultivation is Clay soil or clay loams soil because, such soils are the most capable of holding water in long period for sustain crop. The soil which has the pH range between 5.5 and 6.5 are considered as suitable for Rice cultivation. Rice can not be cultivated in alkaline soil; But Rice can be cultivated on alkali soils also, after treating that soil with gypsum or pyrite. For more knowledge about any kharif crop, Also Subscribe our you tube channel-      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n96kZGOxDUk

Climate requirement-

Rice crop require a hot and humid climate for their cultivation. Hot and humid climate are suitable for Rice cultivation because these regions have high humidity, longer sunshine and a confident supply of water. The optimum temperature that is required for the better growth of Rice crop lies from 21 to 37 degree Celsius. At the time of Tillage, Rice requires a higher temperature. And At the time of blooming, requirement of temperature is from 26.5 to 29.5 degree Celsius. At the time of ripening, the temperature should be between 20 to 25 degree Celsius. Rice crops come under short day Plant on the basis of Photo-periodically classification of crops.

Varieties of the Kharif crop

Rice Season and Varieties-

NRRI stands as National rice Research Institute. National rice Research Institute developed nine new varieties of high Yielding Paddy means rice variety. such as-

1. CR Dhan 801
2. CR Dhan 802
3. CR Dhan 204
4. CR Dhan 205
5. CR Dhan 306
6. CR Dhan 309
7. CR Dhan 311
8. CR Dhan 510
9. CR Dhan 511

• CR Dhan 801 and CR Dhan 802 are specially for draught area, submerged stresses tolerance area.
• CR Dhan 801 is specially recommended for odisa, west Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh.
• CR Dhan 802 is specially recommended for Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. CR Dhan is nomenclatured as Subhash by the name of subash Chandra Bose.
• Two other Varieties of Paddy means Rice for water Limiting area-

1. CR Dhan 204 = CR Dhan 204 is specially recommended for Jharkhand and Tamilnadu.
2. CR Dhan 205 = CR Dhan  205 is specially recommended for Odisa, Punjab, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamilnadu.

• CR Dhan 204 and CR Dhan 205 is specially Early maturing type need less water than other Irrigated Rice.
• Three Rice Variety development for Irrigated ecology-

1. CR Dhan 306 = Duration of CR Dhan 306 is 130 to 135 days.
2. CR Dhan 309 = Duration of CR Dhan 309 is 125 days.

Cultivation Practices of Kharif crop (Rice)

Nursery Management for Rice

Seed Rate-

• for long duration varieties = 30 kg per hectare
• for medium duration varieties = 40 kg per hectare
• for short duration varieties = 60 kg per hectare
• for hybrid varieties = 20 kg per hectare

Seed treatment-

• Treat the seeds with Pyroquilon or Tricyclozole solution @ 2 l of water for 1 kg of seeds.
• This wet seed treatment gives protection to the seedlings up to 40 days from disease.
• If the seeds are needed for sowing immediately, keep the soaked seed in gunny bag in dark area leave for 24hrs for sprouting.

Forming seedbeds-

• Firstly make the channels (Drains) of 30cm wide all around the seedbeds.
• Length of Seed Bed = from 8 to 10m (according to slope of the land).
• Collect the soil that is puddled from the channel and spread that soil on the seedbed.
• Then Level the surface of the seedbed.

Sowing-

Sow the seeds uniformly on the seedbed, with sufficient water in the nursery (seed Bed).

Water management-

• Irrigate the Nursery after 18 to 24 hours of sowing.
• To avoid stagnation of water in any part of the seedbed.

Nutrients management-

• Supply 1 tonne of FYM or any compost to 20 cents nursery and spread uniformly on the soil.
• In clayey soils where root snapping is a Basic problem, It can be cured by supplying of 4kg of gypsum and 1kg of DAP can be applied at 10 days after sowing.

Main Field Management

Land preparation-

• Plough the land during summer for water requirement of land.
• Keep the surface of the field covered with water. So, flood the field 1 or 2 days before ploughing.

Best Time for Seedling-

• for long duration varieties = 35 to 40 days
• for medium duration varieties = 25 to 30 days
• for short duration varieties = 18 to 22 days
• Pull out the seedlings at the 4th leaf stage.

Planting of Seedling-

• For Transplanting of kharif crop (Rice)-

1. for short duration varieties = 2 to 3 seedlings/hill
2. for medium duration varieties = 2 seedlings/hill
3. for long duration varieties = 2 seedlings/hill

• For Line planting of Kharif crop (Rice) = a minimum row spacing of 20 cm to use rotary weeder.

Nutrient management-

Uses of organic manures –

• Apply 12.5 t of FYM or green manure @ 6.25 t/ha.
• In the place of green manure, press-mud or composted coir-pith can also be used.

Uses of Bio-fertilizer-

• Broadcast 10 kg of soil mixed with powdered BGA flakes at 10 DAT for the dry season crop.
• Raise Azolla grass as a dual crop by 250 kg/ha during weeding for the wet season crop.
• Mix the 10 packets (2000 g)/ha of Azospirillum and 10 packets (2000g/ha) of Phosphobacteria or 20 packets (4000g/ha) of Azophos with 25 kg FYM and 25 kg of soil and broadcast these mixture uniformly in the main field before transplanting.

Uses of inorganic fertilizers-

Uses of Phosphorus fertilizer

• P may be applied as basal.
• When the green manure is applied, rock phosphate can be used as a cheap source.

Uses of Zinc Sulphate

• Mix 25 kg of zinc sulphate with 50 kg dry sand and Spread on the Field just before transplanting.
• If deficiency symptom may be seen, uses of 0.5% Zinc sulphate with 1.0% urea on the field at 15 days interval.

Uses of gypsum

• Apply 500 kg of gypsum/ha at last ploughing. Gypsum is a source of Calcium and Sulphur nutrients.

Weed management

• Cultural Practices such as dual cropping.
• Manual weeding is also essential.
• Uses of Pre-emergence herbicides and Post – emergence herbicides.

Water management –

• Puddling and leveling minimizes the water requirement on the Field.
• Maintain 2.5cm of water over the puddle and also Maintain 2 cm of water up to seven days of transplanting.
• At the time of transplanting, a shallow depth of 2cm of water is adequate since high depth of water will lead to deep planting.

Harvesting-

• If 80% of the panicles turn into the straw colour, then this kharif crop is ready for harvesting.
• Confirm the maturity of Rice by selecting the most mature grains.
• Maturity may be hastened by 3-4 days by spraying of 20 Per cent  Na Cl (Salt) a week before harvesting of Rice crop.

Yield of this Kharif crop (Rice) –

• 4000 and 6000 kg/ha (depending on the management and various climatic condition).
• Obtain normally 8000-10000 kg/ha yield of Straw.

Also visit our you tube channel, hope this also helps you- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pnAqbMRnV0&t=799s

See also

• Vegetable Production in India : Most Profitable Agribusiness of every time upto 2020
• Soil Colloid : the Important constitute of Soil
• Horticulture
• A Balanced Diet: most essential for Human Nutrition
• Dairy farming: one of the best Profitable Agribusiness in 2020
• Reproduction in Fungi: Overview, modes and Importance of Reproduction in fungi

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It is Arpan Priy Das from west champaran, Bihar. Arpan started his blog about agricultural information named as “ECOHILLAGRI.COM ” He started his blog ecohillagri.com to help many agricultural or other students as well as farmers. so, it is necessary for them to learn about agriculture that is useful for students as well as farmers and that all concepts are present in this blog.